In the opinion of Joseph Mendelson, the Center for Food Safety's legal director: The lawsuit sought a court order stating that the sale of transgenic fish is subject to federal regulation beyond the FDA's charter, and as such should not be sold without more extensive approvals. The group filed a lawsuit in US Federal District Court to block the sale of the GloFish. They were concerned that approval of the GloFish based only on a Food and Drug Administration risk assessment would create a precedent of inadequate scrutiny of biotech animals in general. Marketing of the fish was met by protests from a non-governmental organization called the Center for Food Safety. In the absence of a clear risk to the public health, the FDA finds no reason to regulate these particular fish. There is no evidence that these genetically engineered zebra danio fish pose any more threat to the environment than their unmodified counterparts which have long been widely sold in the United States. The FDA determined in December 2003:īecause tropical aquarium fish are not used for food purposes, they pose no threat to the food supply.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which has jurisdiction over all genetically modified (GM) animals, including fluorescent zebra fish, since they consider the inserted gene to be a drug. The governmental environmental risk assessment was made by the U.S.
GloFish were introduced to the United States market in late 2003 by Yorktown Technologies, after two years of research. Introduction to the United States market The fluorescent medaka are not GloFish, as they are not marketed by Yorktown Technologies, but instead by Taikong Corp under a different brand name. One hundred thousand fish were reportedly sold in less than a month at US$18.60 each. In the spring of 2003, Taiwan became the first to authorize sales of a genetically modified organism as a pet. At around the same time, a separate deal was made between Taikong, the largest aquarium fish producer in Taiwan, and the Taiwanese researchers to market the green medaka in Taiwan under the name TK-1. The scientists from NUS and businessmen Alan Blake and Richard Crockett from Yorktown Technologies, L.P., a company in Austin, Texas, met and a deal was signed whereby Yorktown obtained the worldwide rights to market the fluorescent zebrafish, which Yorktown subsequently branded as "GloFish". Later, a team of researchers at the National Taiwan University, headed by Professor Huai-Jen Tsai, succeeded in creating a medaka (rice fish) with a fluorescent green color, which, like the zebrafish, is a model organism used in biology. Shortly thereafter, his team developed a line of red fluorescent zebra fish by adding a gene from a sea coral, and orange-yellow fluorescent zebra fish, by adding a variant of the jellyfish gene. The development of the constantly fluorescing fish was the first step in this process, and the National University of Singapore filed a patent application on this work. Their goal was to develop a fish that could detect pollution by selectively fluorescing in the presence of environmental toxins. They inserted the gene into a zebrafish embryo, allowing it to integrate into the zebrafish's genome, which caused the fish to be brightly fluorescent under both natural white light and ultraviolet light. Zhiyuan Gong and his colleagues at the National University of Singapore were working with a gene that encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP), originally extracted from a jellyfish, that naturally produced bright green fluorescence. It measures three centimeters long and has gold and dark blue stripes. The original zebrafish (or zebra danio, Danio rerio) is a native of rivers in India and Bangladesh. The rights to GloFish are owned by Spectrum Brands, Inc., which purchased GloFish from Yorktown Technologies, the original developer of GloFish, in May 2017. Although not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it is one of the first genetically modified animals to become publicly available. They are sold in many colors, trademarked as "Starfire Red", "Moonrise Pink", "Sunburst Orange", "Electric Green", "Cosmic Blue", and "Galactic Purple", although not all species are available in all colors. They have been created from several different species of fish: Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) were the first GloFish available in pet stores, and recently tetra ( Gymnocorymbus ternetzi), tiger barbs ( Puntius tetrazona), Rainbow Shark ( Epalzeorhynchos frenatum), and most recently betta have been added to the lineup. The GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of genetically engineered fluorescent fish. Multiple including green fluorescent protein Tiger barb ( Puntius tetrazona) Rainbow shark ( Epalzeorhynchos frenatum) Brand of genetically modified fluorescent fish GloFish
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